The National Endowment for the Humanities provided support for entering this text. and any corresponding bookmarks? Omnes indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Haeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum intulisse. The Nervii, therefore, they argue, can attack the first legion when it arrives, and, because there is so large a distance between it and the next legion, they will have an opportunity to plunder Caesar's necessities. The cavalry and light infantry, who had retreated earlier, again encounter the enemy and attempt to flee in another direction. At hostes, etiam in extrema spe salutis, tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent, his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila intercepta remitterent: ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines iudicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat. Caesar's officers select a campsite on a hill near the Sambre river. Then he sends his distance fighters — archers and slingers — to pick them off much like prey in a shooting match. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret; signum tuba dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi; acies instruenda; milites cohortandi; signum dandum. Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium LIII. Because the tribes Caesar wars with are often engaging in warfare to stake out new dwelling lands, they frequently travel with their women and children. Flight is less easy than the enemy imagined and, confused by the noises from their rear, they flee chaotically. He has the chiefs' children brought to him as hostages, then asks Diviciacus to move Aeduan troops into the borders of the Bellovaci and begin destroying their lands in order to keep the enemy from converging simultaneously. from your Reading List will also remove any He will, he promises, demand that their neighbors refrain from committing any outrages against them. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. There, the attack is so sudden that Caesar cannot exercise control in his usual orderly fashion. These are delivered and the town's weapons surrendered. Caesar asks specifically who is under arms and the strengths of the enemy units. Caesar is forced to pull back. book 1 book 2 book 3 book 4 book 5 book 6 book 7 book 8. chapter: ... Caesar's Gallic War. The exam expects you to read not just these passages, but also the rest of Books I, VI, and VII of Caesar's Commentaries in English. © 2020 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Beyond its importance as a source document for military and Roman history, Caesar's clean prose style has long made his Gallic Wars the text of choice for second-year Latin. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omnium opinione venisset, Remi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andebrogium, primos civitatis, miserunt, qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum reliquis Belgis consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin cum iis consentirent. Remember, these men are marching two or three abreast and, since there are several thousand men in each legion, they take up quite a stretch of roadway. When the governor of Transalpine Gaul, Metellus Celer, died unexpectedly, this province was also awarded to Caesar. They offer to help Rome in any way they can and report that all the other Belgae are under arms and, moreover, that the Germans across the Rhine are joining the others. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Caesar then moves on to the borders of the Ambiani, who surrender immediately. The action in this book is of a different kind from that which is found in the first book. De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata Remi dicebant, propterea quod propinquitatibus adfinitatibus quo coniuncti quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit cognoverint. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Then, after deciding that his men are not at all inferior, he selects a place for the battle. All rights reserved. Caesar's governorships were extended to a five-year period, a ne… As Caesar departs for Italy and Illyricum, he tells the representatives of these states to return to him next summer, and he stations his legions in winter quarters. Nam quod hostibus adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar VI legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. Interim milites legionum duarum quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato, cursu incitato in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur, et T.Labienus castris hostium potitus et ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus X.legionem subsidio nostris misit. On the sides of the hill, he orders that long protective trenches be dug at right angles to his line, and at the end of the trenches he orders that forts be built for his artillery. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. Then, the enemy spots the baggage train, speeds from the woods, and mounts a massive attack on the cavalry, who are overwhelmed by the rush. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praeerat, unus ex iis qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accipit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. et VIII., profligatis Viromanduis, quibuscum erant congressae, ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur. Caesar's Gallic Wars Book One By: David Brown Caesar destroys the quarter of the Helvetian force by surprising them while they are crossing a river Ceasar's legions finally meet the Helvetians in an open battle on a mountain in the Aedui territory. The Remi also tell Caesar the leaders of the various enemy groups and the numbers of troops under their command. When this book opens, note that Caesar is prompted into action on hearing that the Belgae are exchanging hostages. In fact, the Belgae have been so enthusiastic for war that the Remi have not been able to dissuade the Suessiones from joining the warmongers, even though the Suessiones and the Remi are related. They burn everything they can — buildings and farmlands — and move toward Caesar's headquarters. These two operations significantly extend the area of Rome’s influence, and the Roman Senate and the populace acknowledge Caesar’s achievement by celebrating a thanksgiving of fifteen days.Book III finds Caesar, during 56 B.C. Caesar then moves back into his camp. This series of annual war commentaries is referred to by various names but is commonly called De bello Gallico in Latin, or The Gallic Wars in English. Then, when enough crops have ripened, he follows with the rest of the army. They run wild on mere rumor and are hasty to change their minds. Caesar agrees to spare the Aduatuci, not because they deserve it, however, but because this is the way he always treats those he defeats, provided, of course, that they surrender before his battering ram reaches their wall. Book II covers the events of a year later, 57 B.C. The enemy too realizes that the town cannot be so easily taken, and so resorts to terror. He describes how the Greeks, who are losing the war, build an enormous wooden horse and hide soldiers inside. They also realize that they are running out of food, so they decide to disperse and return home. Caesar leaves the Tenth Legion and starts for the right side, where he sees that his men are under greatest pressure. Often, too, Caesar gauges the hours of the day, and simple passage of time may well save his maneuvers. Translator. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit et inita aestate in ulteriorem Galliam qui deduceret Q. Pedium legatum misit. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Caesar takes the leading men of the state and two sons of Galba as hostages, accepts the surrender, then moves his army to Bellovaci territory. Diviciacus is more likely to remain faithful because of the favor, and the Bellovaci are more likely to remain loyal because they would, by rebelling again, betray not only Caesar but Diviciacus. legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Caesar's men are quick to realize that their military maneuvers are governed by the nature of the ground rather than by tactical logic. Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererentur ne, omni pacata Gallia, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur; deinde quod ab non nullis Gallis sollicitarentur, partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste ferebant, partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis imperiis studebant; ab non nullis etiam quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant vulgo regna occupabantur; qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. Some 4,000 of the enemy are killed and the rest are chased back into the town. One repeated source of difficulty is the battle's tendency to overextend itself. After marching for three days, Caesar hears from prisoners that the river Sabis (Sambre) is only ten miles away and that the Nervii have positioned themselves on the other side. 2:2 Alarmed by these tidings and letters, Caesar levied two new legions in Hither Gaul, and, at the beginning of summer, sent Q. Pedius, his lieutenant, to conduct them further into Gaul. He shouts for them to spread out and his maneuver is effective. The concession of Caesar to Diviciacus is made in order to augment Diviciacus' prestige. Soon great piles of corpses clutter the battlefield. Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. The Twelfth and Seventh Legions battle near each other, but the front and left side of the camp are left open and the Nervii, commanded by Boduognatus, press forward, hoping to reach higher ground and cut off the two legions from the rest of the Roman forces. (Book 2 and Book 3 are therefore told in first person from Aeneas's point of view.) His persuaderi ut diutius morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent non poterat. Chapter 2 Alarmed by these tidings and letters, Caesar levied two new legions in Hither Gaul, and, at the beginning of summer, sent Q. Pedius, his lieutenant, to conduct them further into Gaul. The six legions arrive and camp-making begins. Prima luce, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum, qui novissimum agmen moraretur, praemisit. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. The Nervii are almost destroyed by the battle. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit. The wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium). Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dierum XV supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter CC infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. In the nearby woods the enemy waits in hiding. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia [in hibernis], ita uti supra demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. Publius Crassus, who had been sent with a legion to fight the Yeneti, Venelli, Osismi, Curiosolitae, Esubii, Aulerci, and Redones, reports that he has successfully brought them under Rome's authority and, at last, Gaul seems at peace. Then, when at last their own camp is completed, it is awesome and measures eight miles across its front. Caesar's Gallic Wars essays chronicle the history of his military engagements during the years 58-51 B.C. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iacta, sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. Summary and Analysis Book II Summary While spending the winter in Hither Gaul, Caesar hears rumors from various sources, supported by dispatches from Labienus, that the Belgae are conspiring against Rome and giving hostages to one another. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine [et iam in manibus nostris] hostes viderentur. It is believed that, no doubt, he would have been kind to the Bellovaci, but his letting his actions appear to be prompted by Diviciacus' request has the effect of placing the Bellovaci and Aedui further in his debt. Diviciacus suggests that the Bellovaci have been friends of the Aedui and have only been incited to war by their chiefs, who have fled to Britain. In the previous generation, the only state that stopped invasion by the Teutoni and Cimbri were the Belgae, and they therefore consider themselves of great military importance. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium redintegrarent, calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes armatis occurrerent, equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. The cavalry then returns, also shamefacedly. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting … There, old men approach his army five miles from Bratuspantium and ask for peace. Tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Learn gallic wars book 6 with free interactive flashcards. At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio XII. The enemy is in front, so he puts his experienced legions before the baggage, then has the two inexperienced legions bring up the rear. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. The enemy, however, rush in and out of the woods and Caesar's horsemen dare not pursue them. Then with shields over their heads the attackers undercut the wall. Caesar, however, is not so foolish. A public thanksgiving, mentioned in the book's closing paragraph, was a great honor accorded by the Romans for a major military victory or political feat. They have, he knows, various reasons for conspiring: fear that Rome, having the Celtic part of Gaul under control, might now attack them; agitation by Gauls who have opposed German occupation and who are now opposed to Roman occupation; and the additional worry that certain chiefs who desire to be kings, but who were unable to do so as long as the Roman troops were there to maintain order, might now begin waging their wars. Harper & Brothers. But he demands that they surrender their weapons. ; now Caesar battles the Belgae in northern Gaul, and Publius Crassus battles the maritime states on the coast of Gaul. Labienus looks over the battlefield, also analyzes the situation and sends the Tenth Legion to the most effective position. Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur. The plan fails, however, for the town's trench and walls are surprisingly strong. legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores et non nullos ab novissimis deserto loco proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset, scuto ab novissimis [uni] militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. Caesar has made sure that the field commanders remain in the area and these men are ready and do not have to wait for commands from their general before acting. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum iniquum progressi rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. This, he says, will also enhance the prestige of the Aedui. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerunt. Ad haec Caesar respondit: se magis consuetudine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum, si prius quam murum aries attigisset se dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Luckily the troops, however, are so experienced that disaster is averted. Quickly Caesar sends archers and slingers, and the Remi rejoice. Sibi praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati quam ab his per cruciatum interfici inter quos dominari consuessent. W. S. Bohn. Caesar considers, then sends scouts and centurions to find a place for his camp. et X. milites, ut in sinistra parte aciei constiterant, pilis emissis cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates (nam his ea pars obvenerat) celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt. Caesar is well aware of the enemy's strength and avoids a major engagement; instead, he orders his cavalry to engage in minor skirmishes so that he can observe, firsthand, the enemy's skill without real risk to the greater part of his army. Remote health initiatives to help minimize work-from-home stress; Oct. 23, 2020 Book II covers the events of a year later, 57 B.C. Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga quo in loco res esset quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt. Meanwhile, some of the Belgae and Gauls, who had earlier surrendered, escape to the Nervii and report that Caesar's baggage travels between legions. bookmarked pages associated with this title. Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus Remis ut conservarentur impetrant. In eo flumine pons erat. His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat. Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit; quorum adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit. Hostes impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt; per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt primosque, qui transierant, equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonisque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, iis impedimentis quae secum agere ac portare non poterant citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodiam [ex suis] ac praesidium VI milia hominum una reliquerant. 1st Edition. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit. Caesar, cum VII. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum VIII. The enemy wildly attempts to cross the river behind the camp, intending to take the fort under Quintus Titurius and then destroy the bridge, or, if they cannot manage that, to destroy the Remi farmlands from which Caesar's troops are getting food. Removing #book# A reader might also note that in battle Caesar often lets the enemy position itself so that it is forced to move very sluggishly. The Belgae's first move is an attack on Bibrax, eight miles from Caesar's position. Hoc facto, duabus legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis ut, si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas VI legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Of 600 senators, their people now have but three and, of 6,000 men who were able to bear arms, there are but 500 left. Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset, proelii committendi signum dedit. He then leaves six cohorts on the other side, under the command of Titurius Sabinus, and orders them to build a camp with a rampart twelve feet high and a ditch eighteen feet wide. The fortress seems impregnable. Hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent, priores, quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. Eorum fines Nervii attingebant. They plead for the protection of Rome and insist that they have not joined a pact with the conspirators. The Nervii continue their attack, aiming themselves across the river and straight uphill toward Caesar's camp. Other tribes involved are the Nervii, Atrebates, Ambiani, Menapii, Morini, Caleti, Veliocasses, Viromandui, Aduatuci, Condrusi, Eburones, Caeroesi, and the Paemani; these have promised a total of 186,000 troops. Ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes deiectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius pedum CC relinquebatur; quem locum duplici altissimo muro munierant; tum magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Hostes, ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorum progredi pugnandi causa viderunt atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti, et quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur. The Works of Julius Caesar, (parallel English/Latin) tr. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit; qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. in Gaul, Germany, and Britain. These people, Caesar is sure, will ask no favors. New York. et non magno ab ea intervallo VII. In book two, the Belgae were exchanging hostages to create an alliance against Rome (2.1) and the Remi offered Caesar hostages in their surrender (2.3, 2.5). It is believed that the Romans must have divine aid to get such speed from such massive devices. Pro his Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Haeduorum copiis ad eum reverterat) facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Haeduae fuisse; impulsos ab suis principibus, qui dicerent Haeduos a Caesare in servitutem redacto. Caesar, however, learns that the Belgae are already approaching, so decides to move his army across the Axona river and pitches camp with his back to the river. Atuatuci, de quibus supra diximus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt. He, himself, as soon as there began to be plenty of forage, came to the army. With them are the Atrebates and the Viromandui; also, they await the Aduatuci, already en route. The report which the deserters give the Nervii — that Caesar travels with his baggage separating the legions — would mean that the enemy could attack one legion at a time and the others would be so far behind that the enemy could plunder the baggage train and escape before help could arrive. Titurius, however, reports this movement and Caesar leads all the cavalry and the slingers and archers across the bridge. He then calls for his siege apparatus and when the Suessiones see the massive size of the general's equipment, they ask for immediate surrender terms. Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Book V. I. Caesar orders a ... Ambiorix defends himself in reference to his share in the Gallic combination. For spies, he employs neighbors of the Belgae — the Senones and other Gauls — to keep him informed and he is told that an army is indeed being assembled. The soldiers in the two legions that have followed the baggage at last rush into the battle and Titus Labienus directs the Tenth Legion with startling effectiveness. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui supererant consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex DC ad tres senatores, ex hominum milibus LX vix ad D, qui arma ferre possent, sese redactos esse dixerunt. There is also an 8th book, written by Aulus Hirtius. The deputies check with their tribesmen, and it is agreed that they will do as Caesar asks and a massive heap of weapons is tossed over the town walls but, treacherously, the Aduatuci retain a third of their arms. But the townspeople, believing that they have the advantage of surprise, take the hidden weapons, sneak into the night, and attack Caesar's forces. Harper's New Classical Library. A little closer, women and children approach with the same request. Ipse in Carnutes, Andes, Turonos quaeque civitates propinquae iis locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiberna deductis, in Italiam profectus est. The Romans, on the other hand, are only interested in protecting and extending the empire; thus they move with only a fighting force. The enemy is slowed crossing the river and a great number of them are killed; the few who do get across are surrounded by cavalry and also are killed. Notice that the Treveri flee and report that Caesar has been defeated, even though the battle is far from finished Clear reasoning is needed — such clear thinking as that used by Caesar and Labienus Caesar, for instance, sees that some of his men are so close together that they can neither attack nor defend themselves, so he brings two legions together and maneuvers them in such a way that they are changed from a group of losing soldiers into successful attackers. Re renuntiata ad suos illi se quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Though it's late at night and he's anguished to recall such sad events, he'll do it for Dido. He decides to move quickly and, after securing his grain supply, he departs and in two weeks reaches the borders of the Belgae. and how, after Orgetorix’ death, they continue their preparations for war, finally beginning military operations in 58 B.C. The enemy, meanwhile, continues to display great courage and, as its front ranks fall, men from the back come forward to take their comrades' places. Atque in alteram item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Ipse Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae communisque salutis intersit manus hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. There, the men of the Twelfth Legion are jammed so closely together that defense is almost impossible; besides, they can barely fight. Quod tum facile fiebat. Caesar honoris Diviciaci atque Haeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit, et quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, DC obsides poposcit. The most powerful tribe, they say, is the Bellovaci, who have promised 60,000 men to the total war effort. Caesar then notices that the Seventh Legion is falling, so instructs the tribunes to bring the two legions together, then wheel to advance against the enemy. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium expectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant. Ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Diviciacum atque Haeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant. A unit often will stray too far away from the main body of the army and will be attacked and defeated by a larger number of enemy soldiers. This is, of course, much earlier than anyone expects and the Remi, the Belgic tribe nearest Gaul, send Iccius and Andecomborius as deputies to Caesar. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit; castra in altitudinem pedum XII vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum muniri iubet. Cautiously, the enemy waits to see if Caesar's troops will cross the marsh separating the two armies, but the general waits, hoping to strike the enemy as they cross over for battle. Nam cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela coicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli. Book 1 Summary He opens his book with a brief description of Gaul, then tells how the Helvetii are the first aroused to rebellion by Orgetorix in 61 B.C. Occisis ad hominum milibus IIII reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. He knows that they would not be doing such if they were not considering military moves. W. A. McDevitte. Clad in the bloodred cloak he usually wore “as his distinguishing mark of battle,” Caesar led his troops to victories throughout the province, his major triumph being the defeat of the Gallic army led by the chieftain Vercingetorix , in 52 bce . Julius Caesar wrote commentaries on the wars he fought in Gaul between 58 and 52 B.C., in seven books one for each year. Hac re statim Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. As a result of the financial burdens of his consulship in 59 BC, Caesar incurred significant debt. It is surrounded by a high wall, armed with sharp spikes and heavy stones. Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum castris idoneum deligant. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et post eum quae erant tuta ab hostibus reddebat et commeatus ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari possent efficiebat. Choose from 246 different sets of gallic wars book 6 flashcards on Quizlet. Lessons from Content Marketing World 2020; Oct. 28, 2020. Illi ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crediderant, partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones accensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Next he presses toward the Nervii, a tribe that avoids all luxury, and especially wine drinking, in order to maintain courage and power. The plan is accepted. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, Coriosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Also, if tribes formed an alliance to fight a common foe, there was suspicion among them, and thus as a kind of cover-all insurance measure, hostage exchange was agreed upon. Then the enemy realizes that Caesar will not fight on unfavorable ground. Conversely, one of the Gauls' greatest faults in battle is their tendency to make quick conclusions on insufficient evidence. Qui eius consilii principes fuissent, quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur. He is told that most of the Belgae are of German origin and, because of the fertile land, they have come to revere it as their own. Nov. 2, 2020. He begins his story during the Trojan war. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentibus expugnare non potuit. The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes in what is now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Switzerland, and northern Italy, in addition to a brief excursion into the British Isles. Next day, before the enemy can recover and regroup from the rout, Caesar moves into the borders of the Suessiones and presses on to Noviodunum, which he tries to take by direct assault. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxilii causa a civitate missi ad Caesarem venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra [nostra] compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt: Romanos pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt. The battling troops are given additional spirit for the fight and many of those who fled now return to grapple with the enemy, though many are without arms. In the evening, Caesar orders his troops out of town and has the gates closed so there will be no trouble with the soldiers. Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis qui finitimi Belgis erant uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. The Eleventh and Eighth Legions, also separated from the main body of troops, push the Viromandui as far as the river bank. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. A few days was a considerable expression of the state's appreciation, so the fifteen days given in honor of Caesar and the twenty days accorded him later are tremendous gestures. Then, with this arrangement, the outnumbered Romans can neither be surrounded nor approached by all the enemy at one time. And, even though the enemy forces outnumber his, the limitation of the fighting area does much to equalize matters. Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. In disorder they straggle home during the night. Chapter 2 Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy. A cavalry battle erupts first and Caesar's men gain the advantage. GALLIC WARS SUMMARY Caesar's Gallic Wars essays chronicle the history of his military engagements during the years 58-51 B.C. Caesar ab X. legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis XII. Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, XI. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting … And, as an aid to his r Book Summary In charge of the campaign is Galba, who promises 50,000 troops. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quo adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et a milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum VIII latitudinem patebant. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting local armies in Gaul that opposed… Caesar's first position is one that cannot be attacked from all sides for it backs on a river; his next camp is on a bill with protected sides — attack must come from the front. Victory seems impossible now; they plan to await a Roman attack elsewhere, then come to the defense of whoever needs it. Most of the centurions in the legion have been killed and the men are already bred. McDevitte and W.S. But their laughter soon fades when they see the total apparatus moving. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quicquam negotii, cum prima legio in castra venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis, futurum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum, strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Diviciacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit; nunc esse regem Galbam: ad hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferri; oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata L; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur longissimeque absint; XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Atuatucos XVIIII milia; Condrusos, Eburones, Caerosos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad XL milia. Meanwhile, Caesar sets up a rampart 15,000 feet around, protected by many forts and erects his siege apparatus. The older men and women and children, who have been hidden in creeks and marshes, send deputies to Caesar to ask for surrender terms. 1869. The only request made by the Aduatuci is that Caesar permit them to keep their arms, for they fear their neighbors and are afraid that those states whom they once taunted will now find them undefended and will destroy them. In addition, the victors of those days had always to worry that the enemy might be surrendering only to gain a bit of time and restore its strength before resuming fighting. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura oportuno atque idoneo, quod is collis ubi castra posita erant paululum ex planitie editus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in fronte leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CCCC et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. The Treveri, usually brave Gallic horsemen, run, reporting that the Romans have been overcome and that the enemy has taken complete possession of the Roman baggage train. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerant. He, himself, as soon as there began to be plenty of forage, came to the army. Throughout the Gallic Wars, there are reports of many exchanges of hostages under a variety of circumstances. Legionis VIIII. The legions then spread out but their front view is blocked by thick fences put up by the enemy, making it difficult to know where reinforcements are needed and impossible for one man to coordinate all the units. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec: ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci coepti sunt murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. ‎Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. Caesar thus recruits two new legions in Hither Gaul and, early in the summer, has Quintus Pedius lead them to Further Gaul. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus quae trans Rhenum incolerent legationes ad Caesarem mitterentur, quae se obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. Quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat: nullum esse aditum ad eos mercatoribus; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium inferri, quod his rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent; esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent; confirmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. Later, when reports of the great conquests are received in Rome, a thanksgiving of fifteen days is proclaimed, the first time so great an honor has been awarded. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperaverat, ignibus significatione facta, ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes consisteret. As it approaches their walls they become so alarmed that they ask for immediate peace terms. However, through his membership in the First Triumvirate—the political alliance which comprised Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey, and himself— Caesar had secured the proconsulship of two provinces, Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Haeduos, ut sua clementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat. in Gaul, Germany, and Britain. Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare muris viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti; non se existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere dixerunt. The Aduatuci, who were speeding to assist the Nervii, hear of the defeat and return home, then gather all their supplies into a strong fortress with three sides of steep rocky slopes; the front has an advantageous sloping approach only 200 feet wide. The Romans kill great numbers Postridie eius diei Caesar, prius quam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere [confecto] ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites, quam [in] partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit. While spending the winter in Hither Gaul, Caesar hears rumors from various sources, supported by dispatches from Labienus, that the Belgae are conspiring against Rome and giving hostages to one another. In charge of the cavalry are Quintus Pedius and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta; following them with three legions is Titus Labienus. Bohn [1869], at sacred-texts.com. Cleverly, Caesar had previously ordered a battle plan for just such an event. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo numero electa milia LX totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Thus, he asks as a favor for both the Bellovaci and the Aedui that Caesar pardon them and accept their peace request. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Gallic Wars, (58–50 bce), campaigns in which the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Preparations completed, Caesar retains the most recently enrolled legions as a reserve for the camp; the other six he moves into battle position. His datis mandatis eum a se dimittit. This includes his Gallic Wars and Civil Wars, plus three shorter works which may have been written by Aulus Hirtius (who is also credited with the 8th book of the Gallic Wars). Caesar approves of the site and sends the cavalry ahead, then follows with the rest of the troops. W.A. The reinforcements change the defensive perspective. The Ninth and Tenth Legions, fighting on the left, drive the Atrebates into the river, inflict heavy casualties, then pursue them to the other side before the enemy turns and the two legions are routed themselves. [Caesar] certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit. The cavalry cross the river, with the slingers and archers, and meet the enemy's horsemen. Ubi vineis actis aggere extructo turrim procul constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio a tanto spatio institueretur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam plerumque omnibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum quorum brevitas nostra contemptui est) tanti oneris turrim in muro sese posse conlocare confiderent? Aegre eo die sustentatum est. When Caesar hears of their plans, he suspects an ambush and does not pursue the men. He, when Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso were consuls, incited by lust of sovereignty, formed a conspiracy among the nobility, and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their One should remember that at this time there was no equivalent of a United Nations organization to appeal to if one wished to sue for damages over a broken agreement; nor was there any way to insure political security. Cum ab iis quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgos esse ortos a Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui, patrum nostrorum memoria omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra suos fines ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. Translator. On this page you will find the text for the passages from Caesar's Gallic Wars that are required reading in Latin for the AP Latin exam in 2012. His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt. This lets the men turn without having to worry about their backs being exposed. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis [et] rubis sentibusque interiectis effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimentum praeberent, quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. Hanc si nostri transirent hostes expectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. ; now Caesar battles the Belgae in northern Gaul, and Publius Crassus battles the maritime states on the coast of Gaul. He waits until daybreak, then learns that they actually were leaving and sends his cavalry out to harass their rear. Caesar's sending Diviciacus to the land of the Bellovaci is one of the most important strategic maneuvers of the campaign, for Diviciacus' movements are directly responsible for the disbanding of the enemy army, which in turn permits Caesar to fight the enemy one segment at a time. He locates on a hill with a broad front gently sloping down; sharp drop-offs are on all sides, and he chooses this particular location because the enemy will be forced to approach from only one direction — the front. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus, expugnarent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent. Later in the book Caesar receives 600 hostages from the Aedui (2.15) and other hostages from most of Gaul (2.35). Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. Caesar takes a shield from one of the soldiers and immediately moves to the front, encouraging the men and calling them by name. Another difference between the foes is this: the greedy enemies of Caesar are not interested in having states subservient to them as much as they want the land the other tribes inhabit. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura [deiectusque collis] et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. The men rejoice at seeing him in their midst and their courage is rejuvenated. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem eius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant; et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros victores flumen transire conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Suessiones suos esse finitimos; fines latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere. Start studying Summary of Book 6.1-12 - Caesar De Bello Gallico (AP Latin English Reading Section). Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Caesar no longer defends the Roman Province; now, he is extending its boundaries, moving north of the Gallic Province into a territory roughly bounded by the Seine on the south, the Rhine to the north, the Moselle to the east, and the English Channel to the west. And, as an aid to his readers, he provides expository information for those who are unfamiliar with the … This is exactly what happens to the Ninth and Tenth Legions in Section 23 of this book. Because of his respect for Dividiacus and the Aedui, Caesar agrees, but demands 600 hostages. A conqueror took hostages to insure that the defeated would keep the peace and, likewise, conspirators exchanged hostages to make sure that their comrades would keep promises. Quo facto cum aliis alii subsidium ferrent neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. When approaching the enemy, Caesar leads with six legions, then the baggage, followed by the two most recently enrolled legions. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. The town manages to withstand the attack, but Iccius of the Remi tells Caesar that they will not be able to hold much longer if they are not reinforced. Flares are set off and Caesar's troops converge on the point of attack. ... At an earlier period perpetual wars had taken place between him and the other states; but, greatly alarmed by our arrival, the Britons had placed him over the whole war and the conduct of it. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen a castris suis non amplius milibus passuum X abesse; trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum expectare una cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur); expectari etiam ab iis Atuatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum ne quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. Then they open the gates and enjoy a day of peace. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium; sub occasum solis sequi destiterunt seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt.